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Ilya V. Antipov

Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Alexandra V. Trushnikova

Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Stieglitz State Academy of Art and Design, Saint Petersburg, Russia

BURNED WITHOUT BEING CONSUMED: CARBONIZED MEDIEVAL PROSPHORAS FROM THE DORMITION CHURCH AT NOVGOROD TORG

The article deals with three unusual findings from the lower steps of the spiral staircase in the narthex of the 1135–1144 Dormition Church at the Marketplace in Novgorod the Great. Three prosphoras were preserved in the closed archaeological complex of the late 14th century fire, two of which retained impression of the foliate cross in a round medallion. The prosphoras along with the wooden stamps for liturgical bread, discovered in Novgorod, prove existence of two formats of stamps (round and rectangular) of different sizes, mentioned in the Byzantine written sources with instructions on the conduct of the Proskomedia. Comparison with a wide range of stamps for the Eucharist or Eulogia suggests the existence of the local Novgorod tradition of the liturgical bread stamps with an image of a foliated cross. Old Russian “dornik” – seals for prosphora from other centers date back to 16th–17th century and mainly depict the Golgotha cross with the instruments of the Passion. The Prosphoras from the Dormition church are unique finds, that together with Novgorod wooden stamps provide new evidence about the Liturgical bread in Rus in the 12th–15th centuries.

Keywords: Prosphora, Foliate Cross, Liturgical Bread Stamp, Novgorod, Proskomedia, Eucharist, dornik (seal for prosphora), Medieval Rus, Byzantine

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